Association of sleep quality, depressive symptoms with non suicidal self injury among rural middle school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the association of sleep quality, depressive symptoms and their interaction with non suicidal self injury (NSSI) among rural middle school students, so as to provide a reference for early prevention and control of NSSI among rural middle school students.@*Methods@#A multi stage cluster sampling method was used to randomly select four rural middle schools in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province. A total of 1 723 middle school students were investigated according to the principle of grade stratification and class random selection. Paper questionnaires (including demographic factors, Non Suicidal Self Injury Short Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Patient Health Questionnare-9) were used to conduct the questionnaire survey. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association of sleep quality, depressive symptoms and their interaction with NSSI among rural middle school students.@*Results@#Totally 30.5% of middle school students had NSSI. Univariate results showed that girls (33.0%) had a higher incidence of NSSI than boys(27.3%), and those with sleep disorders and depressive symptoms had a higher incidence of NSSI, which was 46.8%, 43.6%. The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that the risk of NSSI in students with sleep disorder was 1.80 times that in those without sleep disorder( OR 95%CI=1.42-2.28, P <0.01). The risk of NSSI in students with depressive symptoms was 3.32 times higher than that in those without depressive symptoms( OR 95%CI=2.60-4.24, P <0.01). The interaction results showed that there was additive interaction between sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms on the occurrence of NSSI behavior in rural middle school students, and the relative excess risk, attributable proportion and synergy index were 1.80, 0.30 and 1.57, respectively.@*Conclusion@#Sleep disorder and depressive symptoms are risk factors for NSSI among rural middle school students, and there is additive interaction between them.

Household determinants of non suicidal self injury among adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze household determinants of adolescents non suicidal self injury(NSSI), and to provide scientific basis for NSSI intervention amogn adolescents.@*Methods@#Using stratified random cluster sampling method, 15 623 middle school students aged 11-20 were selected from Heilongjiang, Anhui, Hubei, Yunnan, and Guangdong provinces, and non suicidal self injury and related household determinants were investigated by questionnaire.@*Results@#The survey showed that 28.8% of people who had NSSI in the past year accounted;among them,17.6% had 1-4 times(occasional self injury) and 11.2% had 5 times or more(repeated self injury) univariate results showed that whether they were an only child, family type, educational level of the main caregiver, family rearing style, family monthly income per capita, and whether there was a family history of mental illness was associated with adolescents NSSI ( χ 2=6.30-12.16, P <0.05); multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that whether one child or family parenting style is still significantly related to occasional NSSI( OR =1.11,1.34, P <0.05)after controlling for gender, age, grade, ethnicity, emotional control, resilience, loneliness and social support; whether it is an only child, educational level of the main caregiver and family parenting style are still significantly related to repeated NSSI ( OR =1.19，0.69，1.57， P <0.05); stratified analysis by region shows that the influencing factors of NSSI in adolescents in each region are different.@*Conclusion@#Family factors such as the only child and the education level of the main caregiver may be related to the occurrence of adolescents NSSI, but there are regional differences in the family impact of NSSI.

Strengthen high quality population based studies to create a new research agenda for adolescents self injury behavior / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Self injury behavior accounts for a high proportion of disease burden among adolescents worldwide, which is also important antecedent for multiple health outcomes in adulthood. Early identification of risk factors and intervention for self injury are of substantial importance for adolescents. Limitations in study design and data analysis of previous studies on adolescent self injury hinder the progress in self injury prediction and intervention. To address these limitations and improve adolescent self injury prediction models and interventions, more evidence based on highquality population studies with advanced statistical methods are needed.

Impact of gestational complications on adolescent depression / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the incidence of adolescent depressive symptoms in primary and secondary schools in Guangzhou and the effect of gestational complications on adolescent depression, so to provide scientific basis for depression prevention among adolescent.@*Methods@#Stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 808 primary and secondary schools in 11 districts of Guangzhou. A total of 96 756 parents of adolescents aged 10-20 were surveyed for adolescents depressive symptoms and maternal gestational complications.@*Results@#The parental reported rates of mild, moderate and major depressive symptoms of adolescents were 5.5%, 3.5%, and 0.5%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the severity of adolescent depression symptoms had statistical significance with maternal gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, cholestasis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, gestational anemia and viral hepatitis ( χ 2=12.42~158.91， P <0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression showed that maternal gestational diabetes mellitus ( OR =1.41, 95% CI =1.18- 1.68 ), hypothyroidism during pregnancy ( OR =1.61, 95% CI = 1.15-2.26), and hyperthyroidism during pregnancy ( OR =1.40, 95% CI =1.03-1.91), anemia during pregnancy ( OR = 1.46 , 95% CI =1.35-1.59), and viral hepatitis during pregnancy ( OR =1.67, 95% CI =1.38-2.02) were positively correlated with the severity of adolescent depression symptoms reported by parents( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypothyroidism, gestational hyperthyroidism, gestational anemia and gestational viral hepatitis are associated with adolescent depressive symptom.

Association of aggression and social support among adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the association between aggression and social support and their gender differences among Chinese adolescence, and to provide a scientific reference for preventing and reducing aggressive behaviors of adolescents.@*Methods@#Conducted a cross sectional survey of 15 623 adolescents in 5 provinces in China, namely, HeiLongjiang, Hubei, Anhui, Guangdong and Yunnan Province. And the Chinese version of the Adolescent Social Support Scale was employed to assess the aggression and social support, life events, psychological characteristics, family condition and demographic characteristics among adolescents.@*Results@#The prevalence of self reported high level of aggression was 23.5%(3 670/15 623). Males reported higher rate of high level aggression than females (24.4% vs 22.5%, χ 2=19.30, P <0.01). Significant association between aggression and social support was identified in univariate analysis ( χ 2=620.68, P <0.01). After controlling for potential confounders, aggression was also significantly negatively associated with social support ( OR =1.27-1.84), and there was dose response relationship between them( P < 0.05 ). Furthermore, the association between aggression and social support was similar among male participants and female participants ( ROR =1.02-1.10, P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#The findings indicate that aggression is associated with social support both in male and female adolescents. Improving the social support for adolescents can reduce their aggressive behaviors.

Association between childhood maltreatment and suicide among rural adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#This study explored the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent suicide provides a scientific basis for suicide prevention strategies.@*Methods@#A total of 16 271 middle and high school students from rural areas in Anhui, Guangdong, Yunnan, Heilongjiang and Hubei provinces were enrolled through multi stage stratified cluster random sampling. Structured questionnaires were used to collect information on participants general information, childhood neglect, abuse, suicide ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts in the 12 months prior to the survey. Multivariate Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations of childhood neglect and childhood maltreatment with suicide ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts.@*Results@#The number of suicide ideations, suicide plans and suicide attempts among rural adolescents were 2 453( 15.1 %), 1 164(7.2%) and 572(3.5%), respectively. The number of cases of childhood neglect, moderate physical abuse and severe physical abuse were 10 756(66.1%), 4 311(26.5%) and 703(4.3%), respectively. Univariate analysis showed that childhood neglect and abuse were significantly associated with suicide ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts( P <0.05). After controlling for age, gender, only children, parental education level, income, emotional management and social support, childhood neglect and abuse remained significantly correlated with suicide ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts( OR =1.62-5.14, P <0.05); the OR(OR 95%CI) for severe physical abuse were 3.00(2.49-3.62), 3.52(2.81-4.40),5.14(3.87-6.83) respectively.@*Conclusion@#Childhood neglect and abuse may increase the risk of suicide among adolescents in rural China, and effective measures should be taken to reduce childhood neglect and abuse and prevent suicide.

Improved protease activity of Pixian broad bean paste with cocultivation of Aspergillus oryzae QM-6 and Aspergillus niger QH-3

BACKGROUND: The preparation of broad bean koji is a key process in the production of Pixian broad bean paste (PBP). Protease is essential for the degradation of proteins during PBP fermentation. To obtain broad bean koji with high protease activity using the cocultivated strains of Aspergillus oryzae QM-6 (A. oryzae QM-6) and Aspergillus niger QH-3 (A. niger QH-3), the optimization of acid and neutral protease activities was carried out using Box­Behnken design with response surface methodology (RSM). RESULTS: The optimum conditions were found to be as follows: inoculation proportion (X1), 3:1 (A. oryzae QM-6: A. niger QH-3, w/w); culture temperature (X2), 33°C; inoculum size (X3), 0.5% (w/w); incubation time (X4), 5 d. The acid and neutral protease activities were 605.2 ± 12.4 U/g and 1582.9 ± 23.7 U/g, respectively, which were in good agreement with the predicted values. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles revealed that the broad bean koji extracellular proteins in the case of cocultivation were richer compared to those in the case of A. oryzae QM-6 or A. niger QH-3 strain only. In addition, the free amino acids (FAAs) in the fermentation product were 55% higher in the cocultivation process than in that involving only A. oryzae QM-6, further confirming the diversity of proteases in the fermentation products. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal conditions of koji-making in PBP were obtained using RSM. The cocultivation of A. oryzae and A. niger increases the overall enzyme activities in the culture medium and the FAAs content, which would thus have potential application in the PBP industry.

Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for detecting bland thrombus from inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in patients with renal cell carcinoma

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in differentiating bland thrombus from tumor thrombus of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively investigated 30 consecutive patients who underwent robot-assisted radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy and had pathologically confirmed RCC. All patients underwent US and CEUS examination. Two off-line readers observed and recorded thrombus imaging information and enhancement patterns. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for bland thrombus were assessed. Results: Of the 30 patients, no adverse events occurred during administration of the contrast agent. Early enhancement of the mass within the IVC lumen on CEUS was an indicator of tumor thrombus. Bland thrombus showed no intraluminal flow on CEUS. There were eight (26.7%) patients with bland thrombus, including three level II, two level III, and three level IV. There were three cases with cephalic bland thrombus and five cases with caudal bland thrombus. Three caudal bland thrombi extended to the iliac vein and underwent surgical IVC interruption. Based on no intraluminal flow, for bland thrombus, CEUS had 87.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 96.7% accuracy, 100% positive predictive value and 95.6% negative predictive value. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the potential of CEUS in the differentiation of bland and tumor thrombus of the IVC in patients with RCC. Since CEUS is an effective, inexpensive, and non-invasive method, it could be a reliable tool in the evaluation of IVC thrombus in patients with RCC.

Associations of neglect and physical abuse with non-suicidal self-injury behaviors among adolescents in rural China / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the relationship between neglect , physical abuse and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors among middle school students in rural China.@*Methods@#A total of 14 162 adolescents in Anhui, Guangdong, Yunnan, Heilongjiang and Hubei provinces were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data were obtained on demographic information, neglect, physical abuse and non-suicidal self-injury from questionnaire survey.@*Results@#During the past year before survey, 13.5% of participants engaged in self-injury 5 times or more, 15.4% of participants engaged in self-injury 1 to 4 times. Both neglect and physical abuse were significantly associated with self-injury in adolescents(P<0.01). After adjusted for gender, ethnicity, the only-one child, family structure, family economic status, and other variables, multinomial logistic regression showed that neglect and physical abuse were positively associated with self-injury behavior(OR=1.43-3.23). There was a potential dose-response relationship of accumulating physical abuse types and self-injury, with more physical abuse types, the higher risk of self-injury behavior.@*Conclusion@#Neglect and physical abuse experience should be considered as a risk factor for NSSI among adolescents in rural China. Specific intervention targeting neglect and physical abuse should be strengthened to reduce the occurrence of NSSI.

Mediation of emotional regulation in the association between aggressive behavior and non-suicide self-injured in rural middle school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore mediation of emotional regulation in the association between aggression behavior and non-suicide self-injury among rural middle school students.@*Methods@#A multi-stage stratified random cluster sample of 14 291 middle school students from 15 cities in five provinces of China (Anhui, Yunnan, Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Hubei). A structured questionnaire was used to assess non-suicide self-injury, emotional regulation and aggressive.@*Results@#During the past year, about 28.51% of participates reported self-injury, with 13.39% of them had 5 times or more. The five dimensions of aggressive behavior were positively correlated with non-suicide self-injury(P<0.01), emotional regulation was negatively correlated with non-suicide self-injury(P<0.01). The mediating effect of emotional regulation between aggression (physical aggression, verbal aggression, indirect aggression, anger and hostility) and non-suicide self-injury was found significant, the ratio of whose were 25.93%, 22.73%, 19.61%, 27.55% and 18.80%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#Emotional regulation plays a mediating role in adolescent self-injury and aggression, indicating self-injury and aggression could be prevented by enhancing emotional regulation among adolescents.

Neglect and associated factors among left-behind middle school students in undeveloped area of Guangdong Province / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore prevalence and associated factors of neglect among left-behind middle school students in undeveloped area of Guangdong, and to provide scientific basis for effective intervention measures.@*Methods@#A total of 1 105 middle school students were selected from Yangjiang and Qingyuan by random cluster sampling, neglect and left-behind was assessed by a self-reported questionnaire.@*Results@#The prevalence of neglect was 70.9% among left-behind middle school students aged 11-17 years in Yangjiang and Qingyuan areas. Univariate analysis suggested that high parental education, democratic and strict parenting, and frequent contacts with parents associated with low rate of neglect (P<0.05). After adjusted for gender, parental education, parenting style, contact frequency, Logistic regression analysis revealed that parenting discipline(rough, cold, capricious)(OR=2.01, 95%CI=1.23-3.26), contact with parents more than once every two weeks (OR=1.75, 95%CI=1.12-2.72) , peer or self-care (OR=1.85, 95%CI=1.04-3.30) were positively associated with neglect, while higher mother education was negatively associated with neglect.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of neglect is high among left-behind students in Yangjiang and Qingyuan, which deserves further attention from family, community, school and government to promote healthy development.

Association of non-suicidal self-injury with Internet addictive behavior among adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and Internet addictive behavior in adolescents.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional survey of 15 538 middle school students across 5 provinces in China. Participants reported self- injury behavior during the past year and the Internet addition behaviors were assessed through Young’s Internet Addiction Test(IAT).@*Results@#The prevalence of self-reported 1-year NSSI, Internet addictive behavior and pre-addictive behaviors was 28.7%, 3.3% and 29.9%, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, the Internet addition was positively correlated with NSSI, and the risk of all types of NSSI was higher in adolescent with Internet addition than those with mild suspected Internet addictive behavior(OR=1.3-2.8).@*Conclusion@#These findings indicate that Internet addition is associated with the incidence of NSSI in adolescents.

Emotional regulation and self-injury behavior among adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Self-injury behavior, a common strategy for coping with negative emotions, is widespread among adolescents with impulsive and emotional dysregulation. Self-injury behavior severely impacts an adolescent’s mental and physical well-being, and has become one of the important disease burdens, which deserves much attention from both scholars and school health care providers. Based on literature review, the definition, epidemiology and influencing factors of self-injury, as well as proposed prevention and intervention strategies for self-injury focusing on emotional regulation, were provided.

Repeatability of the "flash-replenishment" method in contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the quantitative assessment of hepatic microvascular perfusion

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and repeatability of the flash-replenishment method in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) perfusion imaging and assess quantitatively microvascular perfusion in the liver. Twenty healthy New Zealand rabbits were submitted to CEUS perfusion imaging with continuous intravenous infusion. Using flash-replenishment kinetics, the dynamic process of depletion and refilling of microbubble contrast agent was recorded. The hepatic microvascular perfusion parameters were calculated, including region of interest, peak intensity (PI), area under the curve (AUC), and hepatic artery to vein transit time (HA-HVTT). A consistency test was performed for multiple measurements by the same operator and blind measurements by two different operators. The hepatic perfusion imaging of 3×108 bubbles/min had minimal error and the best imaging effect and repeatability. The variability of the perfusion parameter measured at 3 cm depth under the liver capsule was at a minimum with coefficient of variation of 3.9%. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of measurements taken by the same operator was 0.985, (95% confidence interval, CI=0.927-0.998). Measurements taken by two operators had good consistency and reliability, with the ICC of 0.948 (95%CI=0.853-0.982). The PI and AUC of liver parenchyma after reperfusion were lower than before blocking; and HA-HVTT was significantly longer than before blocking (P<0.05). The flash-replenishment method in CEUS perfusion imaging showed good stability and repeatability, which provide a valuable experimental basis for the quantitative assessment of hepatic microvascular perfusion in clinical practice.

Combined Use of Single-balloon Enteroscope and Colonoscope for Self-expandable Metal Stent Placement in Patients with Malignant Small Intestinal Obstruction: a Single-center Comparative Clinical Observation / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Small intestinal obstruction is a common complication of primary gastrointestinal cancer or metastatic cancers.Patients with this condition are often poor candidates for surgical bypasses,and placement of self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) can be technically challenging.In this study,we examined the feasibility of combined application of single-balloon enteroscope (SBE) and colonoscope for SEMS placement in patients with malignant small intestinal obstruction.Thirty-four patients were enrolled in this study,among which 22 patients received SEMS placement by using SBE and colonoscope,while the other 12 patients received conservative medical treatment.The patients were followed up for one year.Stent placernent was technically feasible in 95.5％ (21/22).Clinical improvement was achieved in 86.4％ (19/22).For the 19 clinical success cases,the average time of benefits from a gastric outlet obstruction scoring system (GOOSS) increase ≥1 was 111.9±89.5 days.For the 12 patients receiving conservative medical treatment,no significant improvement in GOOSS score was observed.Moreover,a significant increase of Short-Form-36 health survey score was observed in the 19 patients at time of 30 days after stent placement.By Kaplan-Meier analysis,a significant survival improvement was observed in patients with successful SEMS placement,compared with patients receiving conservative medical treatment.Taken together,combined use of SBE and colonoscope makes endoscopic stent placement feasible in patients with malignant small intestinal obstruction,and patients can benefit from it in terms of prolonged survival and improved quality of life.

PI3K-like Kinases Restrain Pim Gene Expression in Endothelial Cells / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Pim kinases contribute to tumor formation and development of lymphoma,which shows enhanced DNA replication,DNA recombination and repair.Endothelial cells (ECs) express all the three members of Pim kinase gene family.We hypothesized that DNA repair gene would regulate Pim expression in ECs.Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated and maintained in M199 culture medium.The cellular distribution of Pim-3 in ECs was determined by immunofluorescent staining.The siRNA fragments were synthesized and transfected by using Lipofectamine LTX.The total cellular RNA was extracted from the cells by using Trizol reagent.cDNAs were quantified by semi-quantity PCR.The effects of LY294002 and wortmannin on RNA stability in ECs were also examined.Our data showed that LY294002 and wortmannin,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and PI3K-like kinase inhibitors,increased Pim mRNA expression in ECs without altering the mRNA stability.RNA interference (RNAi) targeting DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) increased mRNA expression of Pim-3 and Pim-1,respectively.Silencing of Akt decreased Pim-1 instead of Pm-2 and Pim-3 gene expression in ECs.But etoposide,a nucleoside analogue,which could activate DNA-PKcs and ATM,increased Pim expression in ECs.Our study indicates that the expression of Pim kinases is physiologically related to DNA-PKcs and ATM in ECs.

Suppression of Breast Cancer Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis via AKT and ERK1/2 Signal Transduction Pathways by Synthetic Polypeptide Derived from Viral Macrophage Inflammatory Protein Ⅱ / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

SDF-1α,a ligand for the chemokine receptor CXCR4,is well known for mediating the migration of breast cancer cells.In a previous study we demonstrated that a synthetic 21-mer peptide antagonist of CXCR4 (NT21MP) derived from the viral macrophage inflammatory protein Ⅱ could antagonize tumor growth in vivo by inhibiting cellular proliferation and inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells.However,the role of SDF-lα in the signaling pathways underlying the proliferation of human breast cancer cells and associated signaling pathways and inhibiting signal pathways of NT21MP remained unclear.The present study investigated the mechanism of NT21MP on anti-tumor in breast cancer in vitro.The effect of NT21MP on the viability of cells was determined by the MTT assay.Annexin V-FITC and PI staining was performed to detect early stage apoptosis in SKBR3 cells treated with SDF-1α and AMD3100 or NT21MP.Western blotting techniques were used to assay the composition of phosphoproteomics and total proteins present in the SKBR3 breast cancer cells.RT-PCR and Western blotting technique were used to detect the effect of NT21MP and AMD3100 on Bcl-2 and Bax expression.The results indicated that SDF-1α prevented apoptosis and promoted the proliferation of SKBR3 human breast cancer cells.As compared with untreated SKBR3 cells,Treatment with SDF-1α significantly increased cell viability,and NT21MP abolished the protective effects of SDF-1α dose-dependently (P＜0.05).There was a significant decrease in the percentage of apoptotic cells after SDF-lα treatment as compared with control group (2.7％±0.2％ vs.5.7％±0.4％,P＜0.05).But pretreatment of SKBR3 cells with NT21MP significantly attenuated the antiapoptotic effects of SDF-1αt as compared with SKBR3 cells without NT21MP pretreatment.The proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of SDF-1α in SKBR3 cells were associated with an increase in AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation as well as a decrease in Bax expression and an increase in Bcl-2 expression.These changes in intracellular processes were blocked by NT21MP in a dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05).In conclusion,NT21MP efficiently inhibits SDF-1α-induced proliferation and antiapoptosis in SKBR3 cells by reducing the levels of phosphorylated AKT and ERK1/2,as well as decreasing the ratio of expression of Bcl-2 relative to Bax.

Role of transrectal real-time tissue elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of transrectal real-time tissue elastography (TRTE) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty-four patients with suspected PCa and scheduled for prostate biopsies underwent TRTE, digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The findings of TRTE were compared with those of other examinations and pathological findings.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of these 84 patients, 36 had benign lesions and 48 had PCa. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91.7%, 72.2%, 83.3%, 81.5%, and 86.7% for TRTE and 85.4%ì63.9%ì76.2%, 75.9%, and 76.7% for TRUS (P>0.05), while its specificity (72.2%) was significantly higher than that of MRI (44.4%) (P=0.03). The TRTE findings were not significantly correlated with the pathological findings and serum total prostate specific antigen (P>0.05), and the diagnostic sensitivity of TRTE decreased along with the enlargement of prostate. However, the diagnostic specificity of TRTE was higher than MRI for nodules with soft to medium texture (P=0.04).For PCa, the diagnostic sensitivity of TRTE increased when the Gleanson scores of tumors increased (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TRTE can be used as a diagnostic test to supplement clinical diagnosis of PCa.</p>

The Epidemic Tendency of Dental Caries Prevalence of School Students from 1991 to 2005 in China / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The epidemic tendency of dental caries of school students over the past 15 years in China was analyzed in order to provide bases for prevention of dental caries.Data sets of boys and girls at the age of 7,9,12 years(deciduous caries)and 7,9,12,14,17 years(permanent caries)were collected from the series of Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health(CNSSCH)between 1991 to 2005,a survey that covers 30 provinces of and autonomous regions of China,with Tibet Autonomous Region and Taiwan Province excluded owing to unavailability of related data.According to their socioeconomic status,three urban regions and three rural regions(province capital must be included)were selected in each province,where its socioeconomic status and sports exercise can represent the general level of the locality.All subjects were Han students.Prevalence of deciduous and permanent caries was measured.In 2005,the prevalence of deciduous caries at 7,9,12 years was 52.87%,52.04% and 9.80% in urban boys,59.37%,58.68% and 12.18% in rural boys,and that of permanent caries in boys at 7,9,12,14,and 17 years was 2.35%,5.63%,13.94%,19.05% and 21.29% in urban boys,3.42%,7.26%,13.35%,16.16%,18.55% in rural boys,while in girls at the same age groups,the prevalence of deciduous caries was 53.53%,49.48%,7.92% in urban girls,59.95%,56.13%,8.85% in rural girls; the prevalence of permanent caries was 3.61%,8.99%,19.32%,24.75%,28.62% in urban girls,and 3.47%,10.65%,17.66%,22.52%,24.27% in rural girls.The epidemic manifested a gradient distribution in age groups,which was closely related to region of the study population.A dramatic decreasing trend was witnessed among all sex-age subgroups in the rural groups between 1990 and 2005,and such a trend was stronger in deciduous caries than in permanent caries,however,this kind of decreasing trend was not steady,because there was bounce during some year.Although the morbidity of dental caries in China is lower than the standard set by the World Health Organization,and the prevalence of dental caries decreased from 1991 to 2005,the prospect of epidemic dental caries in China is in no way optimistic.The total population with dental caries is still very large and the prevalence decreased unstably.Therefore,financial support on school oral health care should be increased,and a national school oral health service network should be set up.